Isaac Newton's concept of absolute space and time.

Isaac Newton's concept of space and time, as presented in his Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687), was based on the idea of absolute space and absolute time:

Absolute Space – Newton believed that space existed as an infinite, immovable, and independent framework in which all objects and events occur. This space was considered to be uniform and unaffected by the presence of matter. It existed independently of any objects within it.

Absolute Time – Newton viewed time as flowing uniformly and independently of external influences. He described it as "true" or "mathematical" time, which progresses at a constant rate, regardless of human perception or the motion of objects. Relative Space and Time – While Newton acknowledged that humans measure space and time using objects and clocks (which he called "relative" space and time), he maintained that these measurements were merely approximations of the true, absolute nature of space and time.